Section-A / Objective Type Questions
Question Nos 1 to 70 have four options, out of which only one is correct, You have to mark your selected option on the OMR Sheet. Answer any 35 questions. 35 x 1 = 35
Download PDF BSEB 12 Agriculture Model Paper 2026
BSEB 12 Biology Solved Model Paper 2026
BSEB 12 Chemistry Solved Model Paper 2026
Section-B / Short Answer Type Questions
Question Nos 1 to 20 are Short Answer Type. Answer any 10 questions. Each question carries 2 marks.10 x 2 = 20
Q.1 Write four examples of root and tuber crops.
Answer:
Potato, Sweet potato, Cassava/Tapioca, Yam.
Potato, Sweet potato, Cassava/Tapioca, Yam.
Q.2 Write the symptoms of loose smut disease in wheat.
Answer:
- Only the ear (spike) is affected, rest of the plant remains healthy.
- The entire ear is converted into black powdery mass of spores.
- A thin silvery membrane covers the smutted ear initially which bursts later.
- Affected plants mature earlier and are slightly shorter.
- Only the ear (spike) is affected, rest of the plant remains healthy.
- The entire ear is converted into black powdery mass of spores.
- A thin silvery membrane covers the smutted ear initially which bursts later.
- Affected plants mature earlier and are slightly shorter.
Q.3 How will you manage Bihar hairy caterpillar in green gram?
Answer:
- Collect and destroy egg masses and early-stage gregarious larvae.
- Spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/litre or Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/litre of water.
- Use light traps or pheromone traps for adult moths.
- Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) 5% as eco-friendly measure.
- Collect and destroy egg masses and early-stage gregarious larvae.
- Spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/litre or Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/litre of water.
- Use light traps or pheromone traps for adult moths.
- Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) 5% as eco-friendly measure.
Q.4 Write the various uses of sugarcane.
Answer:
- Main source of white sugar and gur (jaggery).
- Used for making khandsari and molasses.
- Bagasse is used as fuel and in paper industry.
- Pressmud is used as manure.
- Green tops and dry leaves are used as cattle feed.
- Main source of white sugar and gur (jaggery).
- Used for making khandsari and molasses.
- Bagasse is used as fuel and in paper industry.
- Pressmud is used as manure.
- Green tops and dry leaves are used as cattle feed.
Q.5 What do you understand by mono-cropping system?
Answer:
Growing of only one crop on a piece of land year after year or growing the same crop repeatedly in the same field in the same season every year is called mono-cropping or mono-culture.
Growing of only one crop on a piece of land year after year or growing the same crop repeatedly in the same field in the same season every year is called mono-cropping or mono-culture.
Q.6 Write the formula to find the volume percentage of water available in the soil.
Answer:
Volume % of available water = (Field capacity % − Permanent wilting point %) × Bulk density of soil
Volume % of available water = (Field capacity % − Permanent wilting point %) × Bulk density of soil
Q.7 Define transpiration.
Answer:
Transpiration is the process of loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts (mainly leaves) of the plant.
Transpiration is the process of loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts (mainly leaves) of the plant.
Q.8 List the different methods of irrigation.
Answer:
Surface methods: (i) Flooding (ii) Check basin (iii) Border strip (iv) Furrow (v) Ring basin
Sub-surface methods: Drip irrigation, Sub-irrigation
Overhead/Sprinkler irrigation.
Surface methods: (i) Flooding (ii) Check basin (iii) Border strip (iv) Furrow (v) Ring basin
Sub-surface methods: Drip irrigation, Sub-irrigation
Overhead/Sprinkler irrigation.
Q.9 Explain the chemical reaction of lime with acidic soil.
Answer:
Lime (CaCO₃) reacts with acidic soil as:
2H⁺ (from soil) + CaCO₃ → Ca²⁺ + H₂O + CO₂↑
It neutralises soil acidity and replaces H⁺ and Al³⁺ ions with Ca²⁺.
Lime (CaCO₃) reacts with acidic soil as:
2H⁺ (from soil) + CaCO₃ → Ca²⁺ + H₂O + CO₂↑
It neutralises soil acidity and replaces H⁺ and Al³⁺ ions with Ca²⁺.
Q.10 Write two characteristics of weeds.
Answer:
1. Weeds grow very fast and compete with main crop for nutrients, water, light and space.
2. They have high reproductive capacity and produce large number of seeds.
1. Weeds grow very fast and compete with main crop for nutrients, water, light and space.
2. They have high reproductive capacity and produce large number of seeds.
Q.11 What is Vermi wash?
Answer:
Vermi wash is the liquid collected after passing water through vermicompost, rich in nutrients and beneficial microorganisms. It is used as foliar spray.
Vermi wash is the liquid collected after passing water through vermicompost, rich in nutrients and beneficial microorganisms. It is used as foliar spray.
Q.12 Write any four reasons for the failure of cooperative farming.
Answer:
1. Lack of interest and active participation of members.
2. Political interference.
3. Poor management and lack of trained personnel.
4. Insufficient capital and credit facilities.
1. Lack of interest and active participation of members.
2. Political interference.
3. Poor management and lack of trained personnel.
4. Insufficient capital and credit facilities.
Q.13 What do you understand by the square method of gardening?
Answer:
In square method, the entire garden area is divided into small squares of equal size (usually 1×1 m or 1.2×1.2 m) separated by narrow paths. It is suitable for kitchen garden.
In square method, the entire garden area is divided into small squares of equal size (usually 1×1 m or 1.2×1.2 m) separated by narrow paths. It is suitable for kitchen garden.
Q.14 How will you treat fruit fly infestation in mango?
Answer:
- Collect and destroy fallen infested fruits.
- Plough the orchard to expose pupae.
- Hang methyl eugenol + malathion traps (10–12/ha).
- Spray bait spray: Malathion 2 ml + 20 g gur in 1 litre water.
- Collect and destroy fallen infested fruits.
- Plough the orchard to expose pupae.
- Hang methyl eugenol + malathion traps (10–12/ha).
- Spray bait spray: Malathion 2 ml + 20 g gur in 1 litre water.
Q.15 How can male and female jackfruit flowers be identified?
Answer:
- Male flowers: Long, cylindrical, present on younger branches.
- Female flowers: Short, round or oval, present on older branches and trunk (cauliflorous).
- Male flowers: Long, cylindrical, present on younger branches.
- Female flowers: Short, round or oval, present on older branches and trunk (cauliflorous).
Q.16 What causes the pungent feeling in radish?
Answer:
The pungent taste in radish is due to the presence of glucosinolates which on hydrolysis release allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil).
The pungent taste in radish is due to the presence of glucosinolates which on hydrolysis release allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil).
Q.17 Write the description of suitable climate for growing cauliflower?
Answer:
Cauliflower requires cool and moist climate. Temperature range: 15–25°C for vegetative growth and 10–18°C for curd formation. High temperature and low humidity cause riceyness and loose curds.
Cauliflower requires cool and moist climate. Temperature range: 15–25°C for vegetative growth and 10–18°C for curd formation. High temperature and low humidity cause riceyness and loose curds.
Q.18 What do you understand by pasteurization?
Answer:
Pasteurization is a process of heating milk to 63°C for 30 minutes or 72°C for 15–16 seconds followed by immediate cooling to destroy pathogenic bacteria without affecting taste and nutritive value.
Pasteurization is a process of heating milk to 63°C for 30 minutes or 72°C for 15–16 seconds followed by immediate cooling to destroy pathogenic bacteria without affecting taste and nutritive value.
Q.19 Write two importance of medicinal plants?
Answer:
1. They are source of important life-saving and life-giving drugs (e.g., quinine, reserpine).
2. They provide raw material for pharmaceutical industries.
1. They are source of important life-saving and life-giving drugs (e.g., quinine, reserpine).
2. They provide raw material for pharmaceutical industries.
Q.20 Write the main objectives of extension education?
Answer:
- To change the outlook and attitude of farmers towards improved practices.
- To increase farm production and income.
- To improve the standard of living of rural people.
- To develop rural leadership.
- To change the outlook and attitude of farmers towards improved practices.
- To increase farm production and income.
- To improve the standard of living of rural people.
- To develop rural leadership.
Section-B / Long Answer Type Questions
Question Nos 21 to 26 are Long Answer Type. Answer any three questions. Each question carries 5 marks.3 x 5 = 15
Q.21 Classify crops on the basis of economic importance with examples.
Answer:
Crops are classified into the following categories on the basis of economic use:
1. Food crops / Cereal crops – Rice, Wheat, Maize, Jowar, Bajra
2. Cash crops – Sugarcane, Cotton, Jute, Tobacco
3. Pulse crops – Gram, Arhar, Moong, Urad, Masoor, Pea
4. Oilseed crops – Groundnut, Mustard, Sesame, Linseed, Soybean, Sunflower
5. Fibre crops – Cotton, Jute, Mesta, Sunhemp
6. Plantation crops – Tea, Coffee, Coconut, Rubber, Arecanut
7. Horticultural crops – Fruits (Mango, Banana, Citrus), Vegetables (Potato, Tomato, Brinjal), Flowers (Marigold, Rose)
8. Spices and condiments – Chilli, Turmeric, Coriander, Cumin, Black pepper
9. Medicinal and aromatic crops – Isabgol, Opium, Rauwolfia, Mentha, Lemongrass
10. Forage crops – Berseem, Lucerne, Maize (fodder), Napier grass
Crops are classified into the following categories on the basis of economic use:
1. Food crops / Cereal crops – Rice, Wheat, Maize, Jowar, Bajra
2. Cash crops – Sugarcane, Cotton, Jute, Tobacco
3. Pulse crops – Gram, Arhar, Moong, Urad, Masoor, Pea
4. Oilseed crops – Groundnut, Mustard, Sesame, Linseed, Soybean, Sunflower
5. Fibre crops – Cotton, Jute, Mesta, Sunhemp
6. Plantation crops – Tea, Coffee, Coconut, Rubber, Arecanut
7. Horticultural crops – Fruits (Mango, Banana, Citrus), Vegetables (Potato, Tomato, Brinjal), Flowers (Marigold, Rose)
8. Spices and condiments – Chilli, Turmeric, Coriander, Cumin, Black pepper
9. Medicinal and aromatic crops – Isabgol, Opium, Rauwolfia, Mentha, Lemongrass
10. Forage crops – Berseem, Lucerne, Maize (fodder), Napier grass
Q.22 Describe the cultivation of wheat under the following heads:
(a) Land Preparation (b) Sowing by zero tillage machine (c) Critical stage of irrigation (d) Weed Management in zero tillage wheat (e) Cut worm management
(a) Land Preparation (b) Sowing by zero tillage machine (c) Critical stage of irrigation (d) Weed Management in zero tillage wheat (e) Cut worm management
Answer:
(a) Land Preparation: Wheat requires fine, firm and well-levelled seedbed. After paddy harvest, 2–3 ploughings with harrow or cultivator followed by planking are sufficient. Avoid very fine tilth to prevent seed going too deep.
(b) Sowing by zero tillage machine: In rice–wheat system, sowing is done immediately after paddy harvest using Zero-Till Seed-cum-Fertilizer Drill. Seed rate 100–125 kg/ha, row spacing 20 cm, depth 4–5 cm. Fertilizer is placed simultaneously.
(c) Critical stage of irrigation: Crown Root Initiation (CRI) stage (20–25 DAS) is the most critical stage. Other important stages: Tillering, Jointing, Flowering, Milk stage and Dough stage.
(d) Weed Management in zero tillage wheat: Pre-plant application of Glyphosate 1% solution to kill existing weeds. Post-emergence application of Clodinafop-propargyl 60 g/ha or Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfuron (Ready mix) 30–40 g/ha at 30–35 DAS controls Phalaris minor, wild oat and broad-leaf weeds.
(e) Cut worm management: Seed treatment with Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 4 ml/kg seed or spray Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/litre or Quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/litre at the base of plants in evening hours.
(a) Land Preparation: Wheat requires fine, firm and well-levelled seedbed. After paddy harvest, 2–3 ploughings with harrow or cultivator followed by planking are sufficient. Avoid very fine tilth to prevent seed going too deep.
(b) Sowing by zero tillage machine: In rice–wheat system, sowing is done immediately after paddy harvest using Zero-Till Seed-cum-Fertilizer Drill. Seed rate 100–125 kg/ha, row spacing 20 cm, depth 4–5 cm. Fertilizer is placed simultaneously.
(c) Critical stage of irrigation: Crown Root Initiation (CRI) stage (20–25 DAS) is the most critical stage. Other important stages: Tillering, Jointing, Flowering, Milk stage and Dough stage.
(d) Weed Management in zero tillage wheat: Pre-plant application of Glyphosate 1% solution to kill existing weeds. Post-emergence application of Clodinafop-propargyl 60 g/ha or Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfuron (Ready mix) 30–40 g/ha at 30–35 DAS controls Phalaris minor, wild oat and broad-leaf weeds.
(e) Cut worm management: Seed treatment with Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 4 ml/kg seed or spray Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/litre or Quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/litre at the base of plants in evening hours.
Q.23 Describe the cultivation of sugarcane under the following heads:
(a) Origin and development (b) Climate (c) Medieval variety (d) Seed selection and treatment (e) Weed management
(a) Origin and development (b) Climate (c) Medieval variety (d) Seed selection and treatment (e) Weed management
Answer:
(a) Origin and development: Sugarcane originated in New Guinea. Two main species: Saccharum officinarum (noble cane) and S. barberi (Indian cane). Modern varieties are hybrids developed by Coimbatore (Co series) and SBI, Coimbatore.
(b) Climate: Tropical crop, requires hot and humid climate. Temperature 26–32 °C, rainfall 100–150 cm well distributed. Long bright sunshine is essential for high sugar content.
(c) Medieval variety: Co 0238 (Karan-4) is most popular mid-late variety in Bihar, UP, Haryana. High yield (80–100 t/ha), thick cane, high sugar recovery (10–11%), tolerant to red rot and lodging.
(d) Seed selection and treatment: Select healthy tops of 6–8 month old crop. Use two-bud or three-bud sets. Treat sets with Carbendazim 0.1% + Malathion 0.1% solution or hot water treatment at 50 °C for 2 hours to control grassy shoot disease.
(e) Weed management: Pre-emergence application of Atrazine 1.5–2 kg/ha or Metribuzin 1 kg/ha at 0–3 DAP. Two hoeings at 30 and 60 DAP followed by earthing-up. Post-emergence spray of 2,4-D @ 1 kg/ha at 90–120 DAP controls broad-leaf weeds.
(a) Origin and development: Sugarcane originated in New Guinea. Two main species: Saccharum officinarum (noble cane) and S. barberi (Indian cane). Modern varieties are hybrids developed by Coimbatore (Co series) and SBI, Coimbatore.
(b) Climate: Tropical crop, requires hot and humid climate. Temperature 26–32 °C, rainfall 100–150 cm well distributed. Long bright sunshine is essential for high sugar content.
(c) Medieval variety: Co 0238 (Karan-4) is most popular mid-late variety in Bihar, UP, Haryana. High yield (80–100 t/ha), thick cane, high sugar recovery (10–11%), tolerant to red rot and lodging.
(d) Seed selection and treatment: Select healthy tops of 6–8 month old crop. Use two-bud or three-bud sets. Treat sets with Carbendazim 0.1% + Malathion 0.1% solution or hot water treatment at 50 °C for 2 hours to control grassy shoot disease.
(e) Weed management: Pre-emergence application of Atrazine 1.5–2 kg/ha or Metribuzin 1 kg/ha at 0–3 DAP. Two hoeings at 30 and 60 DAP followed by earthing-up. Post-emergence spray of 2,4-D @ 1 kg/ha at 90–120 DAP controls broad-leaf weeds.
Q.24 What do you understand by contract farming? Describe its advantages and disadvantages.
Answer:
Contract farming is an agreement between farmers and sponsoring company (processor/exporter) for production and supply of agricultural produce under advance contracts. The company provides inputs, technical guidance and assures purchase at pre-determined price.
Advantages:
1. Assured market and fixed price.
2. Supply of quality inputs and technical know-how.
3. Credit facility from company.
4. Reduces risk of price fluctuation.
5. Introduction of new crops/technology.
Disadvantages:
1. Company may exploit farmers by rejecting produce on quality grounds.
2. Farmers become dependent on company.
3. Delay in payment.
4. Manipulation of quality standards.
5. Indebtedness if crop fails.
Contract farming is an agreement between farmers and sponsoring company (processor/exporter) for production and supply of agricultural produce under advance contracts. The company provides inputs, technical guidance and assures purchase at pre-determined price.
Advantages:
1. Assured market and fixed price.
2. Supply of quality inputs and technical know-how.
3. Credit facility from company.
4. Reduces risk of price fluctuation.
5. Introduction of new crops/technology.
Disadvantages:
1. Company may exploit farmers by rejecting produce on quality grounds.
2. Farmers become dependent on company.
3. Delay in payment.
4. Manipulation of quality standards.
5. Indebtedness if crop fails.
Q.25 Describe the cultivation of Guava under the following heads:
(a) Climate and soil (b) Varieties (c) Propagation (d) Manure, fertilizer and irrigation (e) Harvesting and yield
(a) Climate and soil (b) Varieties (c) Propagation (d) Manure, fertilizer and irrigation (e) Harvesting and yield
Answer:
(a) Climate and soil: Sub-tropical fruit, grows well up to 1000 m altitude. Temperature 25–30 °C ideal. Hardy, tolerates drought and frost. Well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soil, pH 5.5–7.5.
(b) Varieties: Allahabad Safeda, Sardar (L-49), Lalit, Arka Mridula, Shweta, Hisar Safeda, Chittidar, Apple Colour.
(c) Propagation: Commercially by stool layering (mound layering) in May–June. Also by softwood grafting, patch budding and air layering.
(d) Manure, fertilizer and irrigation: FYM 50 kg + N:P:K 300:200:300 g per tree/year (adult tree). Full dose in two splits (June–July & Oct–Nov). Irrigation at 10–15 days interval in summer. Meadow orchard system requires high density planting (3×1.5 m) with regular pruning.
(e) Harvesting and yield: Two main seasons – Rainy (Ambe bahar) and Winter (Mrig bahar). Winter crop is superior. Harvesting when fruit colour changes from dark green to light green. Average yield 100–150 kg/tree (traditional) and 40–50 t/ha in high density system.
(a) Climate and soil: Sub-tropical fruit, grows well up to 1000 m altitude. Temperature 25–30 °C ideal. Hardy, tolerates drought and frost. Well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soil, pH 5.5–7.5.
(b) Varieties: Allahabad Safeda, Sardar (L-49), Lalit, Arka Mridula, Shweta, Hisar Safeda, Chittidar, Apple Colour.
(c) Propagation: Commercially by stool layering (mound layering) in May–June. Also by softwood grafting, patch budding and air layering.
(d) Manure, fertilizer and irrigation: FYM 50 kg + N:P:K 300:200:300 g per tree/year (adult tree). Full dose in two splits (June–July & Oct–Nov). Irrigation at 10–15 days interval in summer. Meadow orchard system requires high density planting (3×1.5 m) with regular pruning.
(e) Harvesting and yield: Two main seasons – Rainy (Ambe bahar) and Winter (Mrig bahar). Winter crop is superior. Harvesting when fruit colour changes from dark green to light green. Average yield 100–150 kg/tree (traditional) and 40–50 t/ha in high density system.
Q.26 Describe the scientific cultivation of marigold.
Answer:
Climate: Grows throughout the year, prefers mild climate. Ideal temperature 20–30 °C.
Soil: Well-drained sandy loam or loamy soil, pH 6.0–7.5.
Popular varieties: Pusa Narangi Gainda, Pusa Basanti Gainda, Arka Bangara, Arka Agni (African), Pusa Arpita (French).
Nursery raising: Seeds sown in raised beds (1×1 m) @ 1–1.5 g/m². Light and frequent irrigation. Seedlings ready in 3–4 weeks.
Transplanting: Spacing – African 40×40 cm, French 30×30 cm. Transplanting in evening hours.
Manure & fertilizer: FYM 20–25 t/ha + N:P:K 150:100:100 kg/ha. Half N + full P & K at transplanting, remaining N at 30 & 60 DAT.
Pinching: Done 3–4 weeks after transplanting to encourage bushy growth and more flowers.
Irrigation: Light and frequent in summer, reduce in rainy season.
Weed management: Pendimethalin 1 kg/ha as pre-plant or two hand weedings.
Pest & disease: Leaf miner & hairy caterpillar – spray Malathion/Quinalphos. Damping-off – treat seed with Captan 3 g/kg.
Harvesting: Fully opened flowers picked in morning hours. Yield: 12–20 t/ha (African), 8–12 t/ha (French).
Climate: Grows throughout the year, prefers mild climate. Ideal temperature 20–30 °C.
Soil: Well-drained sandy loam or loamy soil, pH 6.0–7.5.
Popular varieties: Pusa Narangi Gainda, Pusa Basanti Gainda, Arka Bangara, Arka Agni (African), Pusa Arpita (French).
Nursery raising: Seeds sown in raised beds (1×1 m) @ 1–1.5 g/m². Light and frequent irrigation. Seedlings ready in 3–4 weeks.
Transplanting: Spacing – African 40×40 cm, French 30×30 cm. Transplanting in evening hours.
Manure & fertilizer: FYM 20–25 t/ha + N:P:K 150:100:100 kg/ha. Half N + full P & K at transplanting, remaining N at 30 & 60 DAT.
Pinching: Done 3–4 weeks after transplanting to encourage bushy growth and more flowers.
Irrigation: Light and frequent in summer, reduce in rainy season.
Weed management: Pendimethalin 1 kg/ha as pre-plant or two hand weedings.
Pest & disease: Leaf miner & hairy caterpillar – spray Malathion/Quinalphos. Damping-off – treat seed with Captan 3 g/kg.
Harvesting: Fully opened flowers picked in morning hours. Yield: 12–20 t/ha (African), 8–12 t/ha (French).